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Enter title and date of book.
These books on “Hathic” link
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Book 1
1823 account of William Gilly of the history of the Waldensians including the letters of Cromwell
Book2
Illustrations of the Vaudois engraved by Edward Finden from drawings by HUgh Dyke Acland and published by Charles Tilt 1831
Prints are on pages
12
15
20
22
24
26
29
30
32
25
The text is all about the Glorious Return
Book3
Waldensian Researches during a second visit to Vaudois of Piemont by William Gilly 1831
Illustrations by engraver ? based on drawings by William Gilly which are beautiful!
Pages of prints are:
80
182
260
280
324
401
440
490
496
498
512
Book 4
Rather amateur prints in “Authentic details of Valdenses in Piedmont” by Charles Holte Bracebridge (date? if before 1850 then free from copyright)
http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.50176480;view=1up;seq=430
Pages with drawing are:
14
18
20
36
38
246
254
318
350
Book 5
Antoine Monastir’s HIstory of the Vaudois 1849 with very good description of the valleys in the Appendix around p390 (check)
http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t3vt1m662;view=1up;seq=398
William Stephen Gilly 1789-1855
Portrait
http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/yourpaintings/artists/richard-evans/paintings/slideshow#/7
Gilly, William Stephen (1789–1855), Church of England clergyman, born on 28 January 1789 at Hawkedon, Suffolk, was the son of William Gilly (1761/2–1837), rector of Hawkedon and of Wanstead, Essex, and his wife, Anne, daughter of Stephen Oliver of Long Melford. In November 1797 he was admitted at Christ's Hospital, London, from where he proceeded in 1808 to Caius College, Cambridge; he migrated in the same year to St Catharine's College, where he graduated BA in 1812. He graduated MA in 1817 and DD in 1833. Ordained as deacon in 1812 and priest in 1814, he was presented by Lord Chancellor Eldon to the rectory of North Fambridge in Essex in 1817. In December 1825 he married Jane Charlotte Mary (1804/5–1899), only daughter of Major Colberg. They had at least two sons.
In 1823 Gilly paid the first of many visits to the Vaudois, a persecuted Christian community in north Italy, which had long attracted the support of continental protestant churches. During the following year Gilly published a Narrative of an excursion to the mountains of Piedmont, and researches among the Vaudois, or Waldenses (1824), which awoke much sympathy for the Vaudois in England. The Narrative reached a third edition in 1826, and a subscription, headed by the king and Shute Barrington, bishop of Durham, was started for the relief of the Vaudois; it was devoted in part to the endowment of a theological college and library at Torre Pellice in Piedmont. The book also influenced the decision of J. C. Beckwith (1789–1862), a former army officer, to settle among the Vaudois as an evangelical missionary.
On 13 May 1826 Gilly was collated to a prebendal stall in Durham Cathedral. In the following year he became perpetual curate of St Margaret, Durham, and in 1831 vicar of Norham, near Berwick upon Tweed. With a view to improving the condition of the agricultural labourers in north Northumberland, he wrote The Peasantry of the Border: an Appeal in their Behalf (1841), in which he called the attention of landowners to the miserable state of the labourers' accommodation. Gilly also published a further work on the Vaudois, Waldensian Researches (1831); a memoir of the French protestant clergyman Felix Neff (1832); Our Protestant Forefathers (1835); and several works on the gospels. He contributed a preface to Narratives of Shipwrecks of the Royal Navy, between 1793 and 1849, by his son William O. S. Gilly, and to J. L. Williams's Short History of the Waldensian Church (1855). His three letters on the Noble Lesson and Waldensian manuscripts, which appeared in the British Magazine in 1841, were reprinted in the appendix to J. H. Todd's Books of the Vaudois (1865). Gilly died at Norham on 10 September 1855.
Gordon Goodwin, rev. Mari G. Ellis
Narrative of an excursion to the mountains of Piedmont and researches among the Vaudois (London 1824)
3rd edition 1826
followed by subscription by King and Bishop of Durham for building a college and library in Torre
1836 mae pred of Durham and Vicar of St Margaret Durham and in 1831 Vicar of Norham (around time Turner was visiting)
Married twice, first wife died leaving children in Essex and then married Jane Colberg
Fine tomb in Norham Church
Book 5
History of the support and liturgies in 1820
see p xlvi of intro
Book 6
An apology for the Waldenses
Rev Thomas Sims 1826
copy in Royal Collection
Book 7
Story of the political support chain of Vaudois
Randolph Vigne p166 and before in
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aNM3bqJil0gC&pg=PA166&dq=Wilberforce+and+the+Vaudois&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CK6LU-2hCcHYPJa0gPgL&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Wilberforce%20and%20the%20Vaudois&f=false
Life of Pictet https://archive.org/details/viedebndictpict00budgoog
Book 8
The Waldenses : or protestant valleys of Piedmont, Dauphiny, and the Ban de la Roche / by William Beattie 1838
illustrated by W.H. Bartlett and W. Brockedon FRS
http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.0035519894;view=
Wonderful print in pages relevant
9 Turin and Po
22 St John
24 Torre
33 Bobi
38 Fort Miradoc ruins in Pelice
44 Bobi
48 Col de la Croix
57 Angrogna
59 Pra del Torno
65 Barricade at Pra
67 St Germanesca
73 Pomaretto
78 Maneille in St Germanesca
81 La Basiglia
84 Prali St Martin
89 Post of the Vaudois Serre le Cruel
98 Monviso from St Julien Pass
168 La Basiglia
Interactions of England and Vaudois
Cromwell is incensed about the Vaudois massacres of 1655 and raises a huge public subscription, half of which reaches the valleys as Richard Cromwell ensures that it does. Churches in England inside are painted red to remind the congregations of the blood of the Vaudois. Charles II grabs the rest of the money. William III honours the debt and so does Anne and a yearly stipend for the pastors is sent from England. A clergyman visits the impoverished Vaudois and writes a book in 1814. Wilberforce and the Clapham Sect take up their cause politically. Wellington gets involved, supported by Lord Canning and at the Congress of Vienna, Wellington demands that the King of Sardinia supports the Vaudois, or at least does not persecute them, but little happens to support their poverty and exclusion. Vaudois children are still being kidnapped to be re-educated as Catholics and they are still not permitted medical treatment.
Wellington becomes British PM (Tory) and demands a search of the British State Paper Office. They find a treaty of 1704 saying that the Vaudois are "under the protection of England" and that England has "the right of interference" to save them. The powers that be think they must honour the yearly stipends to Vaudois pastors that England has paid since William III and Queen Anne, which stopped just before 1800. Rev William Gilly visits and writes his first book in 1824. A public subscription is raised by Geoge IV who reads the book (it is still in the Royal Collection) and a Committee is set up. They give money for the Waldensians Hospital while the Tsar of Russia buys the land. Prussia and Switzerland help too.
Rev Gilly founds the Waldensian Theological College in Torre Pellice (still there and magnificent). Charles Beckwith (later General Beckwith) who lost a leg at Waterloo is one day visiting Wellington at Apsley House and while waiting picks up Rev Gilly's book in Wellington's library. He is so inspired he takes off to live in Torre Pellice and founds 120 schools, builds the church in Turin and founds the Waldensian movement in Italy to take the Bible to Italy. He changes the language of the Waldensians to Italian (from French) in order to effect this outreach. The Malan family are supporters and Rev Bartholomew Malan is the first Principal of the Theological School. I mention this as Lucio Malan Senator of Piemont is behind our work and will be hearing my talk in Italian, possibly. Beckwith is buried in Torre Pellice with his Vaudois wife.
The 20th Century sees the Enlightenment finally take over the Waldensian church (apostacy) and Liberalism and now they are completely liberal and unbelieving in the sense of their admirable ancestors. Recently, this lot wanted to sell the very Hospital paid for by the Tsar and George IV's subscription and Senator Malan stopped them. Quite a story....We are trying to revive the true Church, which actually believed.
THE VAUDOIS.
House of Commond Deb 24 January 1832
vol 9 cc799-808799
Sir Robert Inglis trusted that the House would believe, that, opposed
as he was to almost every measure of his Majesty's Government, he did
not bring forward his present Motion as a party question; it was too
nearly connected in his mind with considerations of religion to be so
degraded. At the same time, while he would not shrink from declaring
that he looked upon the situation of the Vaudois as peculiarly
deserving the sympathy of this country, on account of their religion,
he thought that he could satisfy 800the House, that they had a right
to claim its support on grounds entirely distinct and political. In
fact, if they were Jews, Mahometans, or Heathens, their right to the
interference of England would be the same; for it was founded on
specific treaty.
As this was the first time for many years, he believed, that their
name had been brought before the House, it was necessary to state
something of their history and present condition, as the ground-work
of the Motion. The people in whose behalf he now claimed the support
of England, inhabited three vallies in the Alps of Piedmont; and they
had been known for ages as the Protestants of that region. They are,
indeed, part of that great family who, in the mountains of Dauphiné,
in the Cevennes, in the Pyrenees, and in these Alpine recesses,
maintained a pure faith amidst darkness and persecution. The motto of
one of their chief towns (Luzern) Lux in Tenebris, is, indeed, exactly
characteristic of their condition; and in a very distant age, from
these vallies were sent forth those who were a light to other
countries. They continued exposed to alternate violence and neglect
till the year 1655, when the persecutions of the Duke of Savoy, their
sovereign, threatened their total extinction. Their sufferings and
their common faith excited the sympathy of all Protestant Europe.
Oliver Cromwell took the lead in their behalf, and the magnificent
letters of Milton, in his name, in this cause, ought to be known to
every one. But the sonnet of Milton has better familiarised the
sufferings of this people to every Englishman:—
Avenge, O Lord! thy slaughter'd saints, whose bones
Lie scatter'd on the Alpine mountains cold;
E'en them, who kept thy truth so pure of old When all our fathers
worship'd stocks and stones, Forget not.
Cromwell interposed strongly in their behalf; he authorised a general
collection in England for their relief; he summoned every Protestant
state to aid him; and said that he would send a fleet to Civita
Vecchia, and his cannon should be heard in the Vatican. His policy was
Protestantism, and he almost realised his own threat, that he would
make the name of an Englishman as much feared as that of an ancient
Roman. The result was a cessation of this persecution; and the Vaudois
sunk into quiet neglect again. But after the revocation of the edict
of Nantes, the court of France roused the Duke of Savoy to the
extirpation of his Protestant subjects. 801Another persecution arose,
almost as bloody as the last, and, for the time, more effectual. All
of the Vaudois who were not massacred or imprisoned, were exiled; and
there was not left one of them in their own vallies. The return of a
band of them, the glorieuse rentrée, as it was called, was one of the
most heroic military enterprises which an equal body of men ever
accomplished; but any further allusion to it would be foreign to the
present Motion. It was sufficient to say, that sympathy for their
sufferings, and admiration of their gallantry, again won for this
people the support of England. Up to that time the support had been
founded on feeling; it was henceforth to rest on positive engagement
and treaty. King William 3rd in 1690, made a treaty with Savoy, the
States-General being a party to it, by which he stipulated, and the
Duke of Savoy consented, that the Vaudois should be replaced and
preserved in all their ancient rights, customs, and privileges, both
as related to their habitation, business, and the exercise of their
religion, and as to every thing else. The Ministers of King William
and of the States-General were instructed and authorised to regulate
the execution of this article with the Ministers of the Duke of Savoy.
The noble Lord, the Paymaster of the Forces, must look with peculiar
interest to this proceeding, because it was mainly the result of the
zeal of Rouvigné, Lord Galway, the uncle of that illustrious woman who
had conferred so much honour on the name of Russell.
If it were said, how would England have liked that, three years ago,
the Minister of the king of Sardinia should have insisted on
interfering here on behalf of the Irish Roman Catholics, the answer
was easy. The sovereign of these Vaudois had, by solemn treaty with
England, engaged that they should be preserved in all their civil and
religious rights; and England had, consequently, the obligation of
supporting them, irrespective altogether of a community of creed. The
treaty of 1690 was confirmed in express terms by the Duke of Savoy, in
the treaty signed in 1704 with England. The groundwork of the Motion
was thus established. The Vaudois were put under the protection of
England; and, if aggrieved, had a right to its interference. That
interference was exercised in 1727, and formed the subject of the
second part of his Motion. Mr. Hedges, the English Minister, then at
Turin, wrote to his Government as follows, in reference to grievances
then endured by the Vaudois:— 802'I believe, if the Marquis d'Aix (the
Sardinian minister in London) perceived an earnestness in England of
having this affair remedied, it would very much facilitate it.'
'On another occasion he said (and, with all deference to the noble
Lord, the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, he (Sir Robert
Inglis) ventured to call his particular attention to this quotation;
it was dated Turin)—'I cannot but be of opinion, that one great reason
of the coldness I meet with here on those subjects, arises chiefly
from the little warmth with which it is urged to the Marquis d'Aix at
London; and as they are points by no means agreeable to the king of
Sardinia, I do not doubt but he informs his master we have them not so
much at heart as to oblige him to make many alterations in either
case; for the treaties are so express with regard to the Protestants,
that they cannot possibly have any thing to say in defence of their
present behaviour to them.'
There was another passage, to which he begged the noble Lord's
attention, as showing the way in which only the subject ought to be
treated:—
'I can assure you that talking firmly to them, and that by persons of
authority, and who they think are able to make good their words, is
the only way of obtaining the most just and reasonable demands at this
court; and nothing but great steadiness on our side, and insisting
strongly on our treaties and the king of Sardinia's promises, can
preserve the Protestants of the vallies from sure and certain
destruction. The inveteracy against our religion is incredible, and if
it be not supported with some warmth, since it is attacked with so
much, it must give way to superior power.'
He now came to the third part of his Motion. In the course of the
French revolution, the vallies of Piedmont were annexed to France; and
the Vaudois enjoyed, with the other subjects of the French empire, a
perfect equality of civil rights, and the free exercise of their
religion. By the treaties of Paris in 1814 and 1815, and by the
Congress of Vienna, the states of the king of Sardinia were restored
to him, but they were restored on condition that none of the
inhabitants should be molested in person or in property; and it might
well be asked, how far the circumstances to which the Vaudois were on
this restoration exposed, could be considered as other than a
molestation. By a decree of a few lines, 803the king of Sardinia
revived, in 1814, all the laws which for four centuries his
predecessors had enacted, including all against the Vaudois. At this
day, a Vaudois could not be a physician nor an advocate; he could not
purchase property out of his vallies. The Vaudois stated their
grievances in two petitions to their authorities. He held these
petitions in his hands. They stated, in 1814 (and the fact continued),
that they could not establish schools, and could not print books of
their own faith. And here it might be observed, that independently of
their religious character, they might claim the sympathy and support
of those who were called the liberal party of the world; because, two
centuries before the establishment of a national education in
Scotland, these people had in. every commune a school. They were now
forbidden to introduce any system of mutual instruction in their
schools; and a college opened at La Tour, only so late as March last,
was in a fortnight closed by order of the government. It had been
re-opened, indeed, lately, but under great restrictions. In their
municipal councils, the majority must always be Roman Catholics,
though the aggregate of the Roman Catholics scattered among them was
not more than one-eleventh of the whole, and, in the place where they
were most numerous, was only two-sevenths, and, in the principal
place, was only one-fiftieth. If it were said, that all this was
turning the old pro-Catholic arguments against those who now urged the
cause of the Vaudois, it might be replied at once, that the rights of
the Vaudois were secured to them by specific treaty, to which England
was aparty; and, whether any other people ever suffered the same
grievances or not, the duty of England to interfere and remedy these
was clear and obvious. One of those grievances remained to be
mentioned; it existed in law at least, whatever might be done in the
matter. The penalty of death was enacted against such as would
dissuade a Vaudois from turning Roman Catholic. Thus if a Vaudois
pastor attending one of his flock in the last sickness, should find
him yielding to the inducements of another to exchange his own faith
for that of the Church of Rome, he would be liable to the penalty of
death for an endeavour to rescue him. It was an old edict, revived in
1814: 'His Royal Highness inhibits those of the pretended reformed
religion from diverting or dissuading any, whosoever he be, of the
said religion, who would turn Catholic, under the same penalty of
death; giving it in charge 804particularly to the ministers of the
said pretended religion, inviolably to observe the above said, upon
pain of answering the same in their own persons.' Under these
circumstances he had made out his case. He had claimed the protection
of England in favour of this people on the ground of specific treaty.
He had proved those treaties. He had proved the intervention of
England in 1727, under those treaties. He desired to obtain the
recognition of the same obligation on the part of the Government now,
and he wished to see how, since the year 1814, that obligation had
been discharged. He could not sit down without acknowledging the
obligations which he felt, in common with all who took an interest in
this subject, to Mr. Gilly, who having, with many other good and pious
men, visited these vallies, and excited the sympathy of England in
their behalf, in relation to their condition and their faith, had
collected those materials, particularly in reference to the treaties,
which had furnished the largest part of the authorities on which the
present Motion rested. He begged to move for copies or extracts of the
treaties of 1690 and 1704, so far as they related to the Vaudois, the
correspondence of Mr. Hedges on the subject in 1727, and any
correspondence on the same subject since 1814.
Mr. O'Connell
seconded the Motion, upon the ground that, whatever might be the
stipulations of treaties, it was our duty, as Christians, to interfere
for the protection of those who suffered simply for the sake of
religion; and he complimented the constancy of those sufferers, whose
persecution was disgraceful to the nominal Christianity of those who
inflicted it.
Sir George Rose
meant, in conformity to the wish of his hon. friend who made this
Motion, to have seconded it, but thought it right to abstain when the
hon. and learned member for Kerry rose to do that, in a manner
honourable to himself; but having felt it his (Sir George Rose's)
duty, when the Vaudois, in their utmost need sought the aid of England
a few years since, to take a prominent part in the adoption of
measures for their relief, he deemed it imperative on himself to give
his aid to the present Motion. He would be very brief; their virtues,
their industry, their peaceable and orderly conduct, their
resignation, their loyalty, and their many excellent qualities, had
excited a very strong feeling of interest in their cause; and although
it was his intention to rest 805their claim on Great Britain on
political grounds, he would not dissemble the deep feelings of
religious sympathy with which his heart was filled towards those
sufferers under oppression. He did not mean to have adverted to the
origin of religious opinions, but after what the learned member for
Kerry had said, as to that of their Protestant faith, he would inform
him, that, according to the results of the most recent, elaborate, and
deep researches, it was made perfectly clear that there was no trace
to be found of their having separated from any Church, and that they
had unquestionably held their present tenets unchanged from the
highest antiquity. These tenets were essentially the same as those
held by the Church of England; and they had a form of liturgy. As to
interference on their behalf, there was not a Member of the House more
incapable of taking part in any endeavour to lead it to measures of
undue intervention on the part of his Majesty's Government with that
of any foreign State, with respect to its relations with its own
subjects, than he was. He sought merely to ascertain whether England
had any right to interfere in behalf of the Vaudois, and whether she
was called upon to exercise it. Their virtues and unmerited
sufferings, and a strong and national feeling of religious sympathy,
had long interested the British nation in their behalf; Cromwell, even
Charles 2nd, though he robbed them of their money, William 3rd and
Queen Anne, all took their part against their sovereign; and the
grounds of this interference were so strong—it was so natural, and so
long acquiesced in, in point of fact, by Piedmont—that England might
be said, in fairness, to have acquired a prescriptive right to
exercise it, especially as Holland did the same; the Sardinian
government, indeed, never appeared very jealous of such remonstrances,
so that they might, in all probability, have been ventured upon with
little risk. Prussia, also, through her envoy at Turin, exercised
lately a most active intervention in behalf of the Vaudois without its
having produced any inconvenience in the relations of the two
governments, as far as he could learn. But still he would not argue
upon this ground, but upon that of a positive compact between States
alone. There were now before the public, extracts of a secret Treaty
of l690 between the king of England and the Duke of Savoy, confirmed
by one of the year1704 between the two States; but they were printed
in a private work, which, 806though of unquestionable authority, was
not one on which the House could proceed, as their official
authenticity must be previously established. It was impossible,
moreover, to judge of the effects that treaties ought to have, by mere
extracts, which might not contain the most important points; and it
must also be observed, that subsequent treaties, or other diplomatic
acts, might modify or annul the whole or parts of any treaty, and it
was, therefore, indispensable that official copies of treaties should
be produced. But here it was material to state, that the secret
stipulation in the Treaty of 1690, in favour of the Vaudois, confirmed
by that of 1704, was bought by Great Britain, for a valuable
consideration, of the Duke of Savoy. It might be said, that a
difficulty arose as to their production, because that of 1690 was
"secret;" but as far as it regarded theVaudois, it was, in point of
fact, the secret of the comedy which every one knew; moreover, it was
scarcely possible that the stipulations of that treaty could, after
such a lapse of years, affect now, in any degree, the honour or
interests of either of the contracting States; but if this was not so,
and there was still anything in this compact unfit to be submitted to
the public eye, it would be right to let that part of it be kept from
it. But, if England had by treaty a right to interfere in behalf of
the Vaudois, would it be asked whether or no Great Britain was for
that reason, required and called upon to exercise that right? In his
opinion, the mere act of a nation, in taking the unfortunate and the
oppressed under her protection, and acquiring a right, admitted by
their Government, to intervene in their behalf, in all justice, as
well as according to all high and honourable feeling, gave the
sufferers a distinct claim to her good offices—one which could never
be questioned by a high-minded people; and if such due interference
was called for, and was honourable in proportion to the suffering on
the part of the oppressed, and their extreme need—then, indeed, would
such intervention redound eminently to the credit of Great Britain, as
exercised in the behalf of this excellent and interesting
people—deplorably trodden down, and vexed, and humiliated.
§Viscount Palmerston
assured the hon. Baronet, that the Government shared fully the
sentiments of interest and sympathy expressed for this class of
persons by the hon. Baronet, and those who supported 807his Motion.
Neither had the Government any indisposition to exert every
interference, that it could legitimately employ, for the protection of
the Vaudois from ill usage or persecution. It did not appear, however,
from what had been urged by the hon. Baronet, that he had established
the fact of any injury being suffered by these people at present, as
his statement referred only to the year 1814, and since then he had
not heard that there was any reason to complain. The laws to which the
hon. Baronet referred were probably obsolete. The treaties of which
copies were now asked for had been secret at the time they were made,
and a difficulty might have arisen in that respect; but, from the
length of time which had elapsed, he should not now make any objection
on that ground to their production. As to the correspondence that had
taken place more than a century ago, it could not be supposed to have
much application to the present day; and he presumed the hon. Baronet
would not press for that. With respect to the correspondence from 1814
to 1829, that part of it which he had looked over led him to the
result, that there was no oppression now practised towards the
Vaudois. In that, too, which had passed between our Minister at Turin
and the Government still later, it was mentioned that deputies from
the Vaudois had been well received by the king of Sardinia, and that
no complaint was made by them of the Government. He would, therefore,
suggest, that it would be enough for the hon. Baronet to take copies
or extracts of the treaties referred to, without putting the public to
a great expense in printing a correspondence, the chief part of which
was more than a century old, and the latter part of which, from 1814
to 1829, having reference to proceedings under a former reign, might
revive unpleasant recollections. He, however, assured the hon.
Baronet, that if there were any infraction of rights respecting which
this country was entitled to interfere, he (Viscount Palmerston) would
be ready to take such steps as might be requisite, whether for the
restoration of those rights, or for the security of any privileges the
Vaudois were entitled to.
Sir Robert Inglis
said, that he had been misunderstood. The noble Lord had assumed him
to admit that no present grievances existed. On the contrary, though
the state of the Vaudois might be improved, grievances still existed;
for instance, at this moment the College of La Tour could not admit
more than fifteen students, and theological 808lectures must not be
given; all the books must be submitted to the inspection of the Roman
Catholic Intendant of the province; the masters must be approved by
him and he was the visitor of the College. A Vaudois could not at this
day purchase property out of the vallies, and could not be a physician
or an advocate. As the noble Lord had recognised the general
obligation of England to secure their rights to this people, and had
stated his willingness to interfere, if there should be any infraction
of those rights, he consented to withdraw so much of his Motion as
related to former instances of interference on the part of this
Government.
Links
Photo of Beckwith’s wife
http://www.studivaldesi.org/dizionario/evan_det.php?evan_id=70
Daughter Charlotte inherited his lands in the valleys.
Paper on the girls boarding school Beckwith founded:
http://www.fupress.net/index.php/sdd/article/view/11895
Also can you ask Daniela where "The palace of ŧhe ancient Counts of La
Tour" is in Torre Pellice? This is the where the Girls Boarding School
(see above) was established first by Beckwith - and Beckwith lived
there as well.
Could you also ask her whether she knows about the Latin School and
College in Pomaret which these men also founded?
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